SQL-Structured Query Language

Introduction:

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a language for Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). It is used to modify and retrieve the data that is stored in the database.

Prerequisites:

Database: You can store and access the data in electronic form.

Relational database: It stores the data in a structured format with rows and columns.

SQL in Research:

The beginner projects in SQL include School Student Records, Library Management The system, College Database, Hospital Management System, and store customer details such as id, purchased items, quantity, and price in the retail industry.

Other projects include Blood Donation Database Management,  Payroll Management System, Railway System Database, Hotel Management System, ATM Management System, Salary Management The system in companies. You can get all the SQL-related final year projects from us at an affordable price.

Why SQL?

Ø To create/define the data in the database

Ø To access the data in the database

Ø To modify the data in the database

Ø To drop/truncate databases or tables

Ø To create a view, procedure,  functions

Ø To embed with other programming languages

History of SQL:

1970: Dr. Edgar F. “Ted working in IBM defined a relational model for databases. He is known as the father of relational databases.

1974: SQL was developed by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce at IBM.

1978: Commercial products based on the System R prototype was developed.

In the late 1970s: Relational software now known as oracle corporation released the first version of SQL.

1986: ANSI and ISO accepted the database query language SQL.

Version Details of SQL:

In 1986, ANSI formalized SQL-86. In other words SQL-87.

In 1989, Integrity constraints had been added and adopted as FIPS 127-1.

In 1992,  Entry Level SQL-92 was adopted as FIPS 127-2. In other words SQL-2.

In 1999, SQL:1999 was introduced with added recursive queries, regular expression matching, triggers, arrays, and OOPS features. In other words SQL-3.

In 2003, SQL:2003 was introduced with window functions, XML related features and standardized sequences.

In 2006, Integrated SQL Queries with XQuery, the XML query language to concurrently access database and XML documents known as SQL:2006.

In 2008, Added TRUNCATE statement, FETCH clause and ORDER BY statements and released as SQL:2008.

In 2011, Added certain enhancements for window functions and FETCH clause, PERIOD FOR and released as SQL:2011.

In 2016, SQL:2016 was released with row pattern matching and polymorphic table functions.

In 2019, SQL:2019 was released with the multidimensional array facility along with its operations.

How SQL Works:

Execution of a SQL query involves lots of processing to get the required output.

Parsing:

A SQL query statement consists of various tables, conditions, and functions. Therefore there will be many ways to execute a single query. Each query is parsed at least once. Calculating the number of ways the query can run is known as parsing. The query must run in the best optimal way within the shortest time possible.

Optimization:

Apply certain rules to get a better response time.

For instance, specify the condition in the select clause to get the required results instead of using select *. Index all the predicates and try to use an inner join instead of the outer join. When you want sorted results, use ORDER BY  properly.

Execution Plan:

Once a query is parsed and optimized, an execution plan is generated. The generated query execution plan will be the input for the SQL server engine. The execution plan consists of steps to execute the query. It consists of both logical and physical processing stages.

Logical Processing:

It decides the order in which the clauses in the query are logically processed. For instance, select * from student where id=10. Execute select clause before where clause.

Physical Processing:

when a SQL server gets a query to execute, it compiles the query. Query compilation generates the query execution plan. Then it executes the query. The two main components are the QL server and the SQL server. QL server generates the query execution plan. SQL Server takes the plan as input and gives the desired result.

SQL Commands:

SQL queries are used to interact with the database and extract the required information. Three types of SQL Commands are used.

Data Definition Language – To define a database or table.

Create- To create a table or view.

Alter- To modify a table or view.

Drop- To delete an entire table or view.

Data Manipulation Language – To modify or retrieve the data from the database.

Select – To retrieve the required data from the database.

Update- To update the selected fields in the database.

Insert/Delete- To insert and delete new records in the database

Data Control Language– To control the access provided to the users

Grant/Revoke- To grant and take back the privileges to and from the user.

Popular RDBMS:

MySQL:

MySQL AB developed an open-source SQL database known as MySQL.

It supports many platforms including Windows, Linux, UNIX, and Mac OS X. MySQL is free for non-commercial transactions and charges for commercial transactions. It consists of a robust and multi-user supported database server. The features include XML integration, mirroring the database, snapshots, and high performance.

ORACLE:

Oracle The corporation developed the Oracle database. It manages all its resources efficiently. Multiple users can access the data at the same time. Oracle is mainly used for client-server computing. The features include table compression and partitioning, resource manager, locking mechanism, bitmap indexes, concurrency, and parallel execution.

MS ACCESS:

It is a powerful and inexpensive database for small projects. It also comes with the Microsoft Office package. It has various features such as file server-based database, parameterized queries, Import and export data to other formats.

Applications of SQL:

Ø Data Integration Queries

Ø Analytical Queries

Ø Retrieve information

Ø SQL The server can be used as a backend in any type of project. For example, In the college automation process project, you can store all the student and staff details in the database.

Real-Time Example:

For instance, Facebook stores all its user details and their activities in the database.

Advantages of SQL:

Ø The Users can retrieve the data quickly in an efficient manner.

Ø Easy to manage the database.

Ø Easy to learn and use.

Ø SQL can be used on laptops, servers, PCs, and some mobile phones.

Ø SQL uses well-defined standards followed by ANSI and ISO

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Structured Query Language is a database language that is used to query the database. Execution of a query involves lots and lots of processing. SQL can be used for various purposes to retrieve information or to perform analytical queries. Above all, it has various advantages such as portability and quick response time.

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